Effect of Continuous
Cropping and Fertilization on Yield Attributing Characters, Yield and Nutrient
Uptake of Wheat
Deepak Kumar1, Alok
Tiwari1, Lalita Humne1 and D.P. Singh2
1Department
of Soil Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya Raipur (C.G.) 492006
2S.G.
College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur,
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur (C.G.)
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was
conducted at Raipur, in wheat crop grown after rice, application of 50% of the
recommended N through organic sources i.e. FYM, rice straw and green
manure to rice and 50% through chemical fertilizer or even with 100% of
recommended NPK fertilizer to rice and wheat significantly produced the plant
height, number of tillers per square meter, plant population per square meter,
number of spikelet’s per spike, test weight, elongate the growth span and
increased the grain and straw yield and
simultaneously nutrient uptake of wheat crop. When 75% NPK + 25% N applied
through organic sources to rice and 75% recommended dose of NPK fertilizer to
wheat, significantly increased the aforesaid yield components, yield and
nutrient uptake respectively, over no
NPK fertilizer. The application of 50% recommended NPK fertilizer to rice and
wheat had no significant effect on yield components, yield and nutrient uptake
of wheat. Higher response was observed where integration of recommended
fertilizer dose with organic source was done in preceding rice crop.
INTRODUCTION:
Rice-wheat cropping
system assumed immense significant in view of its excellent growth in terms of
area, production and productivity during first three decades of Green
Revolution throughout Indo-Gangatic Plains (IGP) of
India. However, rate of growth in rice-wheat cropping system declined sharply
during early nineties as compared to seventies, especially in intensively
cultivated high productivity zone of IGP. Such declining trends were partially
attributed to exhaustive nutrient mining by the system (Hedge and Dwivedi, 1992). Continuous application of fertilizers for a
long-term may result in the build up of soil nutrient, a part of which may be
used by the crops grown in subsequent years. Therefore, it is desirable to
improve the physico-biochemical properties of the
soil through integration of organic and inorganic source of nutrient for
maintaining higher productivity but also in providing greater stability of crop
production (Singh et al, 1994).
Moreover, the nutrient
requirement of most of the crop has been worked out in isolation not always
taking into consideration of the particular cropping sequence. It is seen that
the fertilizers supplied to one crop has residual and carry-over effect on the
succeeding crop which cannot be ignored in an ideal and economically viable
nutrient management approach. The present study was therefore undertaken to
find out the effect of continuous cropping and fertilization on yield
attributing characters, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
A field experiment was
conducted at All India coordinated Research Projected on Cropping System
Research, Instructional farm IGAU, Raipur during rabi 2005-06. The wheat var. GW 273- was used
as test crop. The climate of the experimental site in sub-humid and the mean
annual rainfall of the area is 1200 mm. The soil belonging to the order Inceptisol and is neutral in soil reaction.
The twelve treatments
consisting of combination fertilizers and organic sources of nutrients in rice
and only chemical fertilizers at different levels in wheat were tested in
randomized block design with three replications.
The recommended doses of fertilizers were
80:60:40 and 100:50:30 (N:P2O5:K2O
kg ha-1) for rice and wheat, respectively. Half of the nitrogen and full dose
of phosphorus and potassium were applied as basal through urea, single super
phosphate and murate of potash, respectively. The
rest of nitrogen was applied into equal splits at 20 DAS and 40 DAS according
to the treatment schedule. The yield of grain and straw were recorded at
maturity. Nitrogen content was determined by Kjeldahl
method. Vanadate phosphomolybdate
yellow colour method was followed for the
determination of P in the acid extract. K was estimated in acid extract by a
direct reading in flame photometer.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Growth and yield attributes
The results revealed that all the fertilizer
treatments showed significant increase in growth and yield components viz. height, number of
tillers per square meter, plant population per square meter, number of
spikelet’s per spike and test weight at all the stage over control (Table 2).
Among the different treatments, 50-75% of RDF were applied in combination with
25-50% N through organic source i.e. FYM, rice straw and green manure to
rice (in kharif season) or even with 100% RDF
to rice and wheat was found superior (T5, T6, T7,
T8, T9 and T10). Overall, plant height (25.18
cm, 56.04 cm and 83.12 cm), number of tillers per square meter (215.67m-2,
242.67 m-2), number of spikelets per spike
(36.46) and test weight (38.03 g) were recorded in treatment T5, T6
and T10 [100% RDF to both crop, 100% RDF + 50% N (FYM) to rice and
100% RDF to wheat and 50% RDF + 50% N(GM) to rice and 100% RDF to wheat].
Application of optimal dose of NPK along with
organic source recorded highest value of yield attributes. This was perhaps due
to abundant supply of plant nutrients, which is increase the protoplasmic
constituents and accelerate the process of cell division and elongation. This
is turn increase the values of all yield attributing parameters, which finally
reflected in increased grain and straw yield (Table 3). By and large, the
treatment involving organic sources and optimal dose of NPK was found superior
by improving growth and yield attributes.
Table 1 : Details of the treatments in kharif and rabi
seasons
|
Treatments |
Kharif (Rice) |
Rabi (Wheat) |
|
T1 |
No fertilizer, (N0 P0
K0) (control)
|
No fertilizer, (N0 P0 K0) (control) |
|
T2 |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T3 |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
100% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T4 |
75%
of recommended NPK |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T5 |
100%
of recommended NPK fertilizers |
100% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T6 |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers + 50% N
through FYM |
100% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T7 |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers + 25% N
through FYM |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T8 |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers + 50% N
through rice straw |
100% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T9 |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T10 |
50% of recommended NPK fertilizers + 50% N
through green manure |
100% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T11 |
75%
of recommended NPK fertilizers |
75% of recommended NPK fertilizers |
|
T12 |
Conventional farmers practice (N50 P30 K20) |
Conventional farmers practice (N50 P30 K20) |
100% of recommended dose of N P K for (i) Rice -80: 60 :40 kg ha-1
, (ii) Wheat -100 :50 :30 kg ha-1
Table 2:
Effect of different treatments on growth and yield-contributing characters of
wheat
|
Treatment |
Plant Height (cm) |
No. of tiller/ m2 |
No. of spikelet’s / spike |
1000-grain weight (g) |
|||
|
30 DAS* |
60DAS |
At Harvest |
30 DAS |
At Harvest |
|||
|
T1 |
17.93 |
44.69 |
68.80 |
151.33 |
194.67 |
27.74 |
33.76 |
|
T2 |
22.77 |
48.69 |
78.34 |
205.00 |
226.33 |
31.53 |
35.88 |
|
T3 |
23.21 |
51.66 |
80.51 |
203.67 |
230.67 |
30.63 |
37.14 |
|
T4 |
23.29 |
52.47 |
79.94 |
204.67 |
228.67 |
32.53 |
35.83 |
|
T5 |
24.03 |
56.04 |
81.44 |
212.00 |
237.33 |
34.45 |
37.88 |
|
T6 |
25.18 |
55.78 |
83.12 |
215.67 |
242.67 |
36.46 |
37.26 |
|
T7 |
23.42 |
52.95 |
80.83 |
212.33 |
230.67 |
30.79 |
35.45 |
|
T8 |
22.61 |
51.70 |
80.06 |
214.67 |
231.33 |
32.69 |
36.00 |
|
T9 |
20.88 |
49.17 |
79.76 |
208.00 |
226.33 |
31.47 |
35.08 |
|
T10 |
23.70 |
55.67 |
81.76 |
212.33 |
233.00 |
34.07 |
38.03 |
|
T11 |
22.78 |
52.34 |
79.84 |
206.67 |
226.67 |
31.85 |
37.16 |
|
T12 |
22.66 |
50.65 |
79.62 |
209.33 |
220.33 |
29.46 |
35.81 |
|
SEm ± |
0.62 |
1.47 |
0.51 |
3.62 |
3.25 |
0.74 |
0.61 |
|
CD (p=0.05) |
1.83 |
4.30 |
1.48 |
10.62 |
9.54 |
2.18 |
1.8 |
*Days after sowing
YIELD:
Grain and straw yield:
Application of graded doses of NPK fertilizers
significantly increased the crop yield. Significant higher yield of 21.85 q ha-1
(T10) which was found to be statistically at par with those recorded
under T11 with yield level of 20.78 q ha-1 (Table 3).
Straw yield also followed similar trend. Yield obtained with the application of
25% recommended N dose through any of the organic sources and the rest 75% NPK
through fertilizers were at par with 100% recommended NPK (T5)
except in case of yield under treatment T9 (i.e. 25% N
through rice straw) which recorded lower yield (Table 3). This might have
happened due to the release of plant nutrient in soil solution from the
immobilized pool at the critical growth stage of wheat crop. This helped the
crop to absorb more nutrients and put on better growth and gave higher yield.
Moreover, better response was seen in wheat under the residual effect of INM
treatments containing lower level of fertilizers.
NUTRIENT UPTAKE:
From the data (Table 3), it is evident that
content and uptake of N was lowest in control where neither fertilizer nor
manure have been applied. The lower uptake of N in control plots is due to
lower yield obtained in these plots. Treatment of farmyard
manure and green manure (T6 and T10) significantly higher
N content and uptake than T5 (Table 3). Rice straw (T8
and T9) caused significantly lower content and uptake than T5.
Favorable effect on FYM and green manure on N uptake is attributed to
decreasing loss of released N during decomposition and their narrow C : N ratio (Bhandari et al.
1992).
Phosphorus content and uptake by wheat grain
and straw was also significantly higher (Table 3) in plot receiving FYM (T6)
and green manure application in kharif (T10)
than plot receiving the wheat straw (T8).
Significant improvement in K content and uptake
was noticed due to 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM to rice and 100% RDF to wheat (T6)
and 50% NPK + 50% N through green manure
to rice and 100% RDF to wheat (T10) as compared to NPK fertilizer
alone (Table 3).
REFERENCES:
Singh,
R.P., Subbiah, S.V. and Pilian.
1994. Summary: Rice-wheat cropping system trials being per used by the DRRW
workshop at the PAU, Ludhiana, held during 30 August-2 September 1994.
Bhandari,
A.L., Sood, Anil, Sharma, K.N. and Rana, D.S. 1992. Integrated nutrient
management in rice –wheat system. Journal of the
Indian Society of Soil Science. 40: 742-747.
Hegde,
D.M. and Dwivedi, B.S. 1992. Nutrient
management in rice-wheat cropping system in India. Fertilizer News.37:
27-41.
Table 3. Effect of different
treatments on yield and nutrient uptake of wheat
|
Treat |
Yield (q ha-1) |
N content (%) |
N uptake |
||||
|
Grain |
straw |
Grain |
straw |
Grain |
straw |
Total |
|
|
T1 |
6.19 |
11.18 |
1.77 |
0.226 |
10.87 |
2.50 |
13.22 |
|
T2 |
14.74 |
21.49 |
1.98 |
0.291 |
28.99 |
6.21 |
35.20 |
|
T3 |
18.00 |
28.47 |
2.39 |
0.336 |
42.91 |
9.08 |
51.39 |
|
T4 |
18.62 |
30.42 |
2.25 |
0.372 |
41.67 |
11.21 |
52.89 |
|
T5 |
20.17 |
34.13 |
2.31 |
0.428 |
46.58 |
14.60 |
61.18 |
|
T6 |
19.39 |
32.96 |
2.44 |
0.453 |
47.19 |
14.93 |
62.12 |
|
T7 |
19.31 |
31.78 |
2.33 |
0.419 |
45.02 |
13.29 |
58.31 |
|
T8 |
20.48 |
31.03 |
2.28 |
0.411 |
46.48 |
12.75 |
59.33 |
|
T9 |
18.72 |
30.36 |
2.15 |
0.390 |
40.18 |
11.82 |
51.90 |
|
T10 |
21.85 |
35.10 |
2.37 |
0.424 |
51.91 |
14.85 |
66.76 |
|
T11 |
20.78 |
32.20 |
2.28 |
0.397 |
47.27 |
12.75 |
60.02 |
|
T12 |
14.88 |
24.93 |
1.94 |
0.380 |
28.73 |
9.44 |
38.17 |
|
SEm ± |
1.39 |
1.84 |
0.06 |
0.01 |
2.32 |
0.58 |
2.89 |
|
CD at 5% |
3.79 |
5.41 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
6.79 |
1.72 |
6.72 |
|
Treat |
P content (%) |
P uptake |
K content (%) |
K uptake |
||||||
|
Grain |
straw |
Grain |
straw |
Total |
Grain |
straw |
Grain |
straw |
Total |
|
|
T1 |
0.24 |
0.03 |
1.50 |
0.31 |
1.80 |
0.40 |
2.02 |
2.49 |
22.58 |
25.07 |
|
T2 |
0.28 |
0.05 |
4.08 |
1.51 |
5.23 |
0.41 |
2.17 |
6.10 |
45.48 |
51.57 |
|
T3 |
0.31 |
0.05 |
5.48 |
1.55 |
7.02 |
0.42 |
2.27 |
7.50 |
64.65 |
72.15 |
|
T4 |
0.30 |
0.07 |
5.76 |
2.00 |
7.76 |
0.43 |
2.29 |
7.92 |
69.38 |
77.30 |
|
T5 |
0.32 |
0.07 |
6.47 |
2.54 |
8.67 |
0.43 |
2.34 |
8.65 |
74.78 |
84.43 |
|
T6 |
0.32 |
0.09 |
6.19 |
2.88 |
9.07 |
0.45 |
2.42 |
8.63 |
79.43 |
88.06 |
|
T7 |
0.31 |
0.07 |
6.05 |
2.18 |
8.23 |
0.43 |
2.67 |
8.23 |
71.98 |
80.21 |
|
T8 |
0.31 |
0.07 |
6.35 |
2.17 |
8.51 |
0.43 |
2.23 |
8.74 |
69.15 |
77.88 |
|
T9 |
0.31 |
0.06 |
5.72 |
1.76 |
7.47 |
0.42 |
2.11 |
7.58 |
63.97 |
71.68 |
|
T10 |
0.32 |
0.08 |
6.93 |
2.76 |
9.69 |
0.43 |
2.31 |
9.39 |
76.56 |
85.95 |
|
T11 |
0.31 |
0.06 |
6.36 |
1.98 |
8.23 |
0.43 |
2.22 |
8.85 |
71.46 |
80.31 |
|
T12 |
0.28 |
0.06 |
4.18 |
1.57 |
5.75 |
0.42 |
2.20 |
5.98 |
54.35 |
60.67 |
|
SEm ± |
0.006 |
0.007 |
0.36 |
0.17 |
0.41 |
0.006 |
0.05 |
0.54 |
3.21 |
3.31 |
|
CD at 5% |
0.02 |
0.016 |
1.06 |
0.51 |
1.20 |
0.018 |
0.16 |
1.57 |
9.41 |
9.70 |
Received on 19.11.2009
Accepted on 24.12.2009
© A &V Publication
all right reserved
Research J. Science
and Tech. 1(3): Nov. Dec. 2009: 100-102